Archibald+Garrod

**Biographical Information:**

Date of Birth: Norvember 25, 1857 in London hello Died: March 28, 1936 in Cambridge Nationality: British Educated: Marlborough and Christ Church, University of Oxford. He graduated with an honors degree in natural science in 1880 and recieved medical training at St. Bartholomew's in London. He spent several months of postgraduates study at the Algemeined Krankenhaus in Vienna in 1884-85. In 1885 he obtained his BMand MA from Oxford and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians in London. Occupation: Scientist and physician Discovery: genetic disease called alkaptonuiria

He discovered the genetic disease called alkaptonuria, which was known to have a simple recessive inheritance pattern. He was also the first to connect a human disorder with Mendel's laws of inheritance. Archibald proposed the idea that diseases came about through a metabolic route leading to the molecular basis of inheritance. He proposed in 1909, a relationship between genes and proteins. He hypothesized that genes might be involved in creating the proteins that carry out the chemical reactions of metabolism. Garrod described "inborn errors of metabolism" based on his analysis of family medical histories from urine samples. This was a first recognition of a role for genetics in biochemistry, but the idea remained unappreciated until the work of Beadle and Tatum in the 1940's. Garrod studied the recurrence patterns in several families, realized it followed an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, and postulated that it was caused by a mutation in a gene for an enzyme involved in the metabolism of a class of compounds called alkaptans. He published The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: a Study in Chemical Individuality in 1902.
 * DNA Discovery :**



This picture shows that the lack of homogentisic acid oxidase leads to alkaptonuria and the deficiency of tyrosinase to albinism.

Archibald Garrod concluded that in each of Mendel's gene mutations responsible for specific human hereditary diseases had inactivated a particular metabolic enzyme in 1909.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. “Archibald Garrod.” __Wikipedia__. 29 Mar. 2008. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. 9 Apr. 2008. <[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Garrod>.] 2. “Milestones in DNA History.” __Access Excellence.__ 2008. National Health Museum. 9 Apr. 2008. <[|http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/SFTS/sidebarmilestone.html] [|>.] 3. "SIR ARCHIBALD EDWARD GARROD (1857-1936) ." __DNA from the begining__. 2002. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 9 Apr 2008. < [|http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/concept_13/con13bio.html >.] 4. "H. J. Muller and the nature of the gene." __Genetics__. 2001. Genetics Society of America. Apr. 2008.<[|http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/157/2/461>.]