Evidences+of+Evolution

Evidences of Evolution Group Activity **__ What Darwin’s Thoery did NOT Explain __** (pgs 373-374)  Person #1 : 1 What is the Synthetic Theory of Evolution? **//The synthetic theory of evolution is a theory of evolution that mixes Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection with information from the fields of genetics, mathematics, embryology, paleontology, animal behavior, and other disciplines. Jessie Huber//** 

 Person #2: 2. What is the debate over whether or not “chance” or “natural selection” is more influential over evolution. Explain how the fruit fly scenario supports NS as the more influential concept.  

The debate is whether or not we would get the same results if we were able to repeat evolution by starting with similar organisms exposed to similar environmental conditions. A certain species of fruit flies- //Drosophilia subobscura//- serves as strong evidence corroborating natural selection over chance. The flies inhabit Europe. The ones in Northern Europe have significantly larger ones than those in southern Europe. The species was accidentally introduced in North and South America in the 1970's. Within 20 years a huge difference was noticed between the wing sizes. The North American flies had much larger wings than those in South America. <span style="COLOR: rgb(158,5,173); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(250,158,220)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(250,25,155)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(223,1,110)"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; COLOR: rgb(192,41,255); FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,189,240)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(202,25,250); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,153,211)">*Dana Bevilacqua   <span style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(54,177,242)"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="COLOR: rgb(249,11,162)"> (click [|here] brandon) **__ Fossils __** (pgs.374-377) Person #1: 1. The most direct evidence for evolution comes from the discovery, identification and interpretation of fossils. (A)What are fossils, and where are they most commonly found? (B) In what other forms can fossils be preserved? <span style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(251,193,193)">Fossils are the preserved remains of dead organisms which are usually found in sedimentary rocks. Fossils can and have been found in amber and tar as well. VP Person #2: 2. (A) <span style="COLOR: rgb(6,7,14)">Briefly describe the steps of fossil formation ( in reference to those fossils found in sedimentary rock). <span style="COLOR: rgb(0,21,255)">Require the organism to be burried under conditions that slow or prevent the decay process. This occurs if an organism's remains are covered quickly by a sediment of fine soil particles suspended in water.over time the sediments harden to form sedimentary rock and minerals usually replace the organism's remains so that many details of it's structure remain. Person #3: 3. Why is aquatic fossil evidence considered “biased”? What are the problems associated with fossil evidence in the tropical rain forests? <span style="COLOR: rgb(226,49,24)">Aquatic fossil evidence is considered to be biased because the habitats in which aquatic organisms live in are ideal for fossil formation. The remains of the organisms are quickly covered by sediment and then are suspended in the water, allowing fossils to develop. Bias is also found in the aquatic fossil evidence because organisms that contain bones and shells have a greater chance of forming fossils, than those who do not have these features. <span style="COLOR: rgb(226,49,24)">Very few fossils of organisms have been found in tropical rainforests. This is because the organisms decay on the forest floor at a fast rate, which does not allow fossils to form. --YMDMK (Yannis Maximus Decimus Meridius Koukounas)

Person #4: 4. How is fossil evidence used to support the Theory of Evolution?<span style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,181); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(15,14,1)">The fossil record shows a progression from the earliest unicelllar organisms to the many unicellular/multicellular organisms of today. B.O.P.S.G.S. (Brandon, one hundred percent satisfaction guaranteed, Shearer)

Person #5: 5. Relative dating is used to determine the age of a fossil based on the layer of sedimentary rock in which it is found. (A)What is wrong with the dating technique? (B)What are index fossils? <span style="COLOR: rgb(255,61,0)">Using relative dating of fossils based on the sedimentary rock in which it is found is a good way to determine it's age, but geological events that happen after the rock is originally formed have occasionally changed the relationship of some rock layer, which would cause the dating to be inaccurate. Index fossils are fossils of organisms that existed for a relatively short geological time but were preserved as fossils in large numbers.. Geologists also use index fossils to identify specific sedimentary rocks because they characterize a specific later over a large geographical area.

Person #6: 6. Radioactive dating is used to more accurately determine the age of fossils. Define each of the following terms: radioisotopes, radioactive decay, half-life. <span style="COLOR: rgb(255,23,20); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)">radioisotope = A radioactive isotope of a chemical element. Carbon 14 and radon 222 are examples of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes. radioactive decay = the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive substance along with the emission of ionizing radiation half-life = the time required for one half the atoms of a given amount of a radioactive substance to disintegrate.

Person #7: 7. What radioisotopes are often used to determine the ages of fossils? What is different about the way that Carbon-14 is used? ** **__ Comparative Anatomy __** (pgs.378-380) Person #1: 1. What is a homologous feature /structure and provide an example. Person #2: 2. Explain why leaves of plants are considered homologous structures. <span style="COLOR: rgb(127,46,119); FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(214,246,65)">**<span style="COLOR: rgb(148,20,77); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(250,255,250)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(149,45,205)">The leaves of plants are considered to be homologous structures because they have features that derived from the same structure in a common ancestor. Different types of leaves may vary slightly in appearance; however they maintain a structure that is relatively the same. BD **
 * <span style="COLOR: rgb(140,34,247)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(194,25,230)">The radioisotopes that are often used to determin the ages of fossils are Potassium-40, Uranium-235, and Carbon-14. Carbon-14 is continuously produced in the atmosphere from nitrogen-14. The formation and the decay of carbon-14 occur at constant rates. The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is also constant in the atmosphere. Carbon-14 has a relativelly short half-life making it useful for dating fossils that have been old for about 50,000 years. (TP)

Person #3: 3. Analogous structures are those that have similar function, but structurally are not the same (implying that the two organisms are not closely related). (A)What is another name for these structures, and provide an example. Person #4: 4. Describe convergent evolution and provide an example. Person #5: 4. (A)What are vestigial structures? (B)What do they tell us about evolution? (C)Provide an example of a vestigial structure. <span style="COLOR: rgb(218,27,27); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(22,3,3)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,165,255); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(17,9,9)">A. They are remnants of more developed structures that were present and functional in ancestral organisms<span style="COLOR: rgb(251,228,228); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(88,0,255)"><span style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(239,42,42)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(32,9,9)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(30,11,11)"> <span style="BACKGROUND: rgb(30,11,11) 0% 50%; COLOR: red; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">B. They tell us that the organism developed and evolved because it once needed these structures for survival but they are no longer important. <span style="COLOR: rgb(218,27,27); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(22,3,3)">C. An example is an African Rock Python ( python sebae). There are several dozen species of pythons distributed throughout Asia and Africa. These pythons have a hind limb bone. This bone is an example of a vestigial structure. <span style="COLOR: rgb(50,0,255); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(26,5,5)">(LR) **__ Biogeography __** <span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">(pgs. 380-382) Person #1: 1. Define biogeography and explain how Darwin used biogeography in his studies.

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 * <span style="COLOR: rgb(174,15,15)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(170,9,9); FONT-FAMILY: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(248,247,247)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(157,7,7); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(252,252,252)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(182,7,7)"><span style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(241,30,30)">Biogeography is the study of the past and present geographical distribution of organisms.    **======

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<span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Person #2: 2. What was Darwin’s explanation for the presence of similar, although slightly different, organisms being found on a group of Islands and the main land near by. <span style="COLOR: rgb(104,106,238)"><span style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,0,230)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(82,87,229); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(0,255,18)">Darwin explained that species from the neighboring continent migrated or were carried to the islands. There they adpated to their new environment. They eventually evolved into a new species.Yssra Soliman Person #3: 3. A man by the name Alfred Wegener noted that at one time it was possible that all of the continents were connected as one. This one super-continent was called Pangaea. If ths is true, explain why we have the continents that we have today. <span style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,0)">Over time earthquakes and volcanic activity, caused by the tectonic plates sliding past each other, split Pangaea and created the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. RB    Person #4: 4. How has continental drift played a role in evolution? **__ Developmental Biology  __** (pgs 382-383) Person #1: 1. According to developmental biologists, what has caused the loss of limbs in snakes? <span style="COLOR: rgb(250,245,56); FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(3,2,2)">Limblessness is snakes is a result of changes in genes that affect the orderly sequence of events that occur during development. In pythons, the loss of limbs is due to a mutation in several of the //Hox genes// that affect the expression of body patterns and limb formation. . . T Lacey, click here Brandon [|elephant.jpg] Person #2: 2. All vertebrate embryos have what structures in common, indicating a common ancestor. Person #3: 3. Why are fishlike structures present in the embryos of reptiles, birds and mammals? <span style="COLOR: rgb(246,169,9)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(125,17,232)">The fishlike structures are present because evolution is a conservative process, and natural selection builds on what has come before rather than starting from scratch. These structures are not completley wiped out but this developmental genetic material is modified. Reptiles, birds, and mammals share some of the early stages of development still found in a fish today. ~L.S.~ **__ Molecular Comparisons  __** (pgs. 383-385) Person #1: 1. Lines of descent based on biochemical comparisons often resemble <span style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,216)">lines of decesnt based on structural and fossil evidence. Molecular comparisons includes <span style="COLOR: rgb(246,55,216)">the universal genetic code and the conserved sequences of amino acids in proteins and of nucleoties in DNA. *MB
 * <span style="COLOR: rgb(174,15,15)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(170,9,9); FONT-FAMILY: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(248,247,247)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(157,7,7); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(252,252,252)"><span style="COLOR: rgb(182,7,7)"><span style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(241,30,30)">Charles Darwin used biogeography, and the concept of continental drift to explain the fact that he found species, on islands, that were very similar to the species on the coast nearest them. Darwin believed that this was because at one time the two species were one, and that the island was at one time connected to the continent. As the island drifted away from the continent, the species was split and throughout the rest of history, the two species developed differently, resulting in two very similar species.    **======

Person #3: 3. Explain how the protein Cytochrome C indicates a relationship between all aerobic organisms. <span style="COLOR: rgb(255,61,0)">Where mutations occured at spots on the Cytocrome C molecule their amino acids would be changed and the greater the difference in the amino acid sequence, the longer it has been since the two species diverged. <span style="COLOR: rgb(0,4,255)"> AJ   ** **Person #4: 4. Explain how DNA sequencing is used to determine evolutionary relationships. Which of the primates in Table 17-1 is the most distantly related to humans – how did you make this determination?** <span style="COLOR: rgb(231,50,50)">**Generally, the more closely species are considered related on the basis of other scientific evidence, the greater the percentage of the number of nucleotide sequences their DNA molecules have in common. Chimpanzee- they have the lowest percentage of nucleotide sequences in common with human. KP**
 * <span style="COLOR: rgb(8,8,7); FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Person #2: 2. How does the genetic code provide evidence that all life is related? The gentic code shows that all life is related because the genetic code is universal in all organisms. C.E.

**    __Bacterial Models of Evolution**__ (pgs 385) <span style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(252,247,247)"> <span style="COLOR: rgb(15,10,10); FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(238,249,235)"><span style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(252,247,247)">Person #1: 1. Describe the reason for the substantial increase in individuals infected with tuberculosis since the late 1980’s. <span style="COLOR: rgb(249,241,241); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(237,29,29)">The evolution of drug-resistant strains in the bacterium that causes TB is a disturbing trend. These strains are resistant to one or more antibiotics that traditionally were used to treat TB. Drug- resistant TB is deadly; As many as 80% of the people infected with multidrug-resistant TB is deadly; As many as 80% of the people infected with multidrug-resistant TB die within two months even with medical care. JK <span style="COLOR: rgb(249,241,241); BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(237,29,29)"> Person #2: 2. Describe how Natural Selection has played a role in creating a deadly form of TB. Person #3: 3. How does this TB model of evolution support the indications that individuals should NEVER stop taking prescribed antibiotics until the prescription runs out? <span style="COLOR: rgb(230,158,20); FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> bacteria develop genetic resistance through mutations and through acquiring new genes as plasmids or viruses. A few bacteria may survive when an antibiotic is used because they have become genetically resistant to the antibiotic.
 * Person #5: 5. Describe how a molecular clock is created. <span style="COLOR: #5700ff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">You must take the number of alterations in homologous DNA sequences taken from different species. You then take the rate at which mutations in the DNA occurs. The clock is calibrated by comparing the number of nucleotide differences between two organisms with the dates of evolution. You can use the clocks to find common ancestors of different species. Vaibhav Singh    <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif">